Lamia come mythical or folkloric creatures, typically held to exist as a re-revived corpses of man beings & said to survive in human and/or animal blood (hematophagy), often getting grotesque powers, heightened bodily functions, and/or a ability to physically transform. A few cultures stand myths of non-man lamia, like demons or beast such as bats, dogs, and spiders. Lamithe come typically described when with the kind of extra powers & character traits, highly variable within different traditions, & come a frequent subject of folklore, cinema, and contemporary fiction.

Vampirism is the practice of sucking down blood from either the person/animal. Lamia come said to principally bite a victim's neck, extracting the blood from either a independent artery. Within folklore & popular culture, the term typically refers to a belief that of these may benefit supernatural powers by drinking individual blood. the historical practice of vampirism could typically exist as considered a further specific & less ordinarily occurring form of cannibalism. A consumption of a second's blood has been utilized as a manoeuvre of psychological warfare intended to terrorize the enemy, & it may be utilized to reflect various spiritual beliefs.

Within zoology, the term vampirism is utilized to refer to leeches, mosquitos, mistletoe, vampire bats, and more organisms that prey upon the body fluid of more animals. This term as well applies to fabulous creature of a equivalent nature and severity, including the chupacabra.

Etymology
English lamia comes from either German Vampir, in turn from either early Old Polish ''*vąper' (in which ą occurs as nasal a, and each p & r' come palatalized), in turn from either Old Slavic *oper (sustaining the rhinal o) or even Old Church Slavonic opiri. A Slavic word, like its cognate netopyr''' ("bat"), comes from either a PIE root for "to fly".

Vampires in ancient cultures

Tales of the dead craving blood come ancient in the area of about each culture around the world. Vampire-rather spirits called the Lilu are mentioned in early Babylonian demonology. These female demons were said to roam when you took a hours of darkness, hunting & killing neonate & pregnant women. One of these demons, known as Lilitu, was later adapted into Jewish demonology as Lilith. Lilitu/Lilith is every now and again known as a mother of 100% lamia. For farther data, view a article in Lilith.

A Ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet in one myth became full of blood lech when slaughtering homo & was single sated after sucking down alcohol colored as blood.

Inside Homer's Odyssey, the shades that Odysseus meets on his journey to the underworld are lured to the blood of freshly sacrificed rams, a fact that Odysseus uses to his advantage to summon the shade of Tiresias. Roman tales describe a strix, a nocturnal bird that fed in person flesh & blood. A Roman strix is the source of the Romanian vampire, the Strigoi, which was also influenced per Slavic vampire, and a Albanian Shtriga.

Within early Slavic folklore, the lamia drank blood, was afraid of (however may not become flushed by) silver & could be destroyed by cutting off its head and putting it between a remains's legs or even by putting the wooden stake into its heart.

Medieval historians and chroniclers Walter Map and William of Newburgh recorded the earliest English stories of vampires in the 12th century.

Numerous lamia legends besides bear similarities to legends regarding succubi or incubi.

Folk beliefs in vampires

It seems that until a 19th century, lamia around Europe were thought to become hideous monsters like than a debonair, gentle lamia mass produced popular by later on fabricated treatments. It were ordinarily believed to rise from either a bodies of suicide those, felon, or even evil necromancer, though inside occasionally subjects an initial lamia so "born of sin" can pass in his vampirism onto his clean-handed sportsmen. Inside more instances, even so, the victim of the cruel, prematurely, or even violent demise was susceptible to becoming the lamia. Virtually all of the European lamia myths keep around Slavic and/or Romanian origins.

Slavic vampires

A Slavic people including most east Europeans from either Russia to Bulgaria, Serbia to Poland, have a richest lamia folklore & legends in the globe. A Slavs come from either northerly of the Black Sea and were closely associated with a Balts. Before 8th century AD they migrated north & west to in which it is currently.

Christianisation began almost when soon when it arrived in their freshly motherland. Notwithstanding, through the 9th and 10th centuries, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the american Roman Catholic Church were struggling with both more for domination. It formally broke within 1054 AD, with a Bulgarians, Russians, & Serbians staying Orthodox, when a Poles, Czechs, & Croatians went Roman. This split induced a large difference in the development of lamia lore - the Orthodox church believed incorrupt bodies were vampries, while a Roman church believed it were saints.

Is the causal agent of of vampirism involved existence natural sustaining the caul, teeth, or even rump, existence conceived in certain times, irregular dying, excommunication, improper burial rituals etc. Preventive measures involved: placing a crucifix in a casket, or even even even stops under a chin to end a immune system from either eating the shroud, nailing material to casket bulwarks for the equivalent understanding, or piercing the immune system sustaining thorns or stakes. In a instance of stakes, it a general idea was to pierce through the lamia & into the ground in the image below, pinning the babies. Certain humans would bury their expected lamia by having scythes above their necks, and so a dead would decapitate themselves when it rose.

Grounds to believe that the lamithe was at act inside the front yard involved dying of oxen, sheep, relatives, neighbours, exhumed bodies existence in a lifeprefer state by owning recently incubation of the fingernails or even even even hair, or whenever the system was tumesce like a drum, or there was blood on the mouth & whenever the clay experienced a ruddy complexion.

Lamia can be destroyed by staking, decapitation (a Kashubs situated a head between the feet), burning, repeating the funeral service, holy water on the grave or exorcism.

Romanian vampires

Tales of vampiric suspire were too obtained among a ancient Romans and among the Romanized indweller of eastern Europe, Romanians (known as Vlachs in historical context). Romania is surrounded by Slavic countries, so these come non surprising that Romanian lamia are similar to the Slavic lamia. It is known as Strigoi based on the Roman term strix for screech owl, which also come to mean demon or witch.

There are different types of strigoi. Strigoi seven come survive witches world health organization may get lamia fallowing demise. It could send their soul when asleep to meet by having more witches or even using Strigoi personally morţi world health organization come dead lamia. A strigoi personally morţi come a revived bodies which link to to suck a blood of personal, stock, & neighbours.

the human born by owning the caul, derriere, born away from marriage, or even even 1 world health organization died an monstrous demise, or died prior to baptism, wwhen doomed to get the lamia, as was the seventh tike of the equivalent sex around a personal, the infant of a pregnant woman world health organization didn't eat salt or even even world health organization was seemed at by the lamithe, or a witch. What is more, being bitten by lamithe, intended certain condemnation to a vampiric existence when demise.

A Vârcolac which is another time mentioned inside folklore was extra closely related a fabulous wolf that can devour the sun & moon (similar to Fenris in Norse mythology), and late became attached using wolfman like than lamia. A human afflicted by using lycanthropy could turn into the run, pig, or even wolf.

A lamia was unremarkably number one found while it attacked personal & stock, or even threw items around in the home. Lamia, along using witches, were believed to become virtually all active on the Eve of St George's Day (April 22 Julian, May 4 Gregorian calendar), the night when all forms of evil were supposed to be abroad. St George's Day is however celebrated within Europe.

The lamithe in the grave can be told by holes in the globe, an undecomposed clay by owning a red face, or even getting a single foot in the corner of the casket. Residing lamia were witnessed by distributing garlic within church & seeing world health organization did non eat it.

Graves were typically open trey years when demise of a baby, 5 years when the dying of a youth, or even 7 years when the demise of an adult to prevent for vampirism.

Measures to cease the human becoming a lamia involved, removing the caul from either either a newborn child & destroying it prior to the baby may eat any of it, careful preparatiin of dead bodies, including preventing beast from passing across the clay, placing a thorny branch of untamed rose in the grave, & placing garlic in windows & rubbing it in kine, especially on St George's & St Andrew's days.

To kill the lamithe, a stake was caused through the immune system followed by decapitation & placing garlic in the mouth. Per 19th century people were shooting a bullet through the casket. For immune suits, a person was dismembered & a pieces burned, mixed by having fluids, & given to personal members as a therapeutic.

Roma and vampires

Possibly now, Roma frequently feature in lamia fiction & film, there is no doubt influenced by Bram Stoker's book "Dracula" where a Szgany Roma served Dracula, carrying his boxes of globe & guarding him.

Traditional Romani beliefs include the idea that a dead soul enters a globe similar to ours except that no dying. A soul stays in a area of the immune system & every now and again wants to came back. A Roma myths of a dwelling dead added to & enriched the lamia myths of Hungary, Romania, & Slavic lands.

A ancient house of the Roma, India, has numbers of mythological lamia numbers. A Bhuta is the soul of a human world health organization died an prematurely dying. It wanders in the area of animating dead bodies when asleep & attacks the dwelling such as a ghoul. Inside northern Indithe can be noticed the brahmaparushthe, a vampire-rather animal by using a head encircled by bowel & a skull from either which it drank blood.

A best known Indian god associated by using blood sucking down is Kali, who has fangs, wears the garl& of corpses or even skulls and has quadruplet arms. Her temples come touching a cremation evidence. She & a goddess Durga battled the demon Raktabija world health organization can reproduce himself from either every drop of blood spilled. Kali drank altogether his blood thus none was spilled, thereby winning a battle & killing Raktabija.

Sara, or even a Black Goddess, is the form where Kali survived among gypsies. Gypsies have a belief that a ternary Marys from either a Up to date Testament attend France and baptised a gypsy known as Sara. It however hang on to the ceremony both May 24th in the French village where this is supposed to keep around occurred. Occasionally refer to their Black Goddess when "Black Cally" or even "Black Kali".

1 form of lamithe inside Romani myth is known as a mullo (one world health organization is dead). This lamithe is believed to link to & run malicious items and/or even suck the blood of a individual (unremarkably a relative world health organization experienced induced their demise, or hadn't properly found a burial ceremonies, or even world health organization saved a at rest's possessions instead of destroying the two when was proper).

Female lamia may link to, lead a normal life & potentially marry however would exhaust the married man.

Anyone world health organization experienced the hideous appearance, was missing the finger, or even experienced carnal appendages, etc., was believed to exist as the lamia. Whenever the individual died unseen, he would get the lamithe; also in case a cadaver swelled prior to burial. Plants or dogs, cats, or even agrarian information can be lamia. Pumpkins or even even melons saved in the home as well yearn would begin to move, resound or indicate blood. (Watch a article in vampire watermelons.)

For eliminate the lamithe humans would hire a Dhampir (the boy of the lamithe & his widow woman) or even a Moroii (the lot rarer dwelling, when opposed to undead, offspring of two lamia) to detect a lamia. To ward off lamithe, gypsies drove steel or even cast-iron needles into a clay's heart & set bits of steel in a mouth, on top a eyes, ears & between a fingers at the period of burial. It besides positioned haw in the remains's sock or even drove the hawthorn stake through the legs. Farther measures involved camping stakes into a grave, pouring boiling a water system across it, decapitating a remains, or even burning it.

Based on data from a late Serbian ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović, Roma people in Kosovo believed that vampires were invisible to most people. Still, it can be seen "by a twin brother and sister born on a Saturday who wear their drawers and shirts inside out." Also, the payout can be protected from either the lamia "by finding a twin brother and sister born on a Saturday and making them wear their shirts and drawers inside out (cf previous section). This pair could see the vampire out of doors at night, but immediately it saw them it would have to flee, head over heels."

Other Old World vampires

In Ancient Greece and Medieval Bulgaria the Lamia had the upper body of the woman, the moo body of a winged serpent and craved blood (especially the blood of women). Mediaeval & in a future Greek folklore features the vrykolakas, (which is now considered synonymous sustaining "vampire").

In Moravia, vampires were fond of throwing dispatch their shrouds & attacking their people in the nude.

In Albania, a nature and severity of lamia referred to as a Liogat was supposed to be a revived cadaver of Albanians of Turkish descent. It was covered around the shroud & bore high-heeled shoes. A sole way to vanquish it was to have a wolf bite its legs polish off and so it would never rise once again from either its grave.

In Bulgaria, a lamia experienced exclusively a single anterior naris & do it his left eye open & his thumbs linked. It was held responsible cattle plagues.

New World

In Aztec mythology, the Civatateo was the kind of lamia, created while a lady died inside vaginal birth.

Later Mexican vampires were easily recognizable by their fleshless skulls.

In a Caribbean, vampires called Soucoyah around Trinidad and Tobago, Ol' Higue in Jamaica, and Lagaroo inside Grenada, take a form of old women when you took a day, & when asleep shed their skin to get fly of fire world health organization search blood. It were said to become notoriously obsessive-compulsive, & can be thwarted by sprinkling salt or even rice at entrances, crossing & close beds. A lamia would sense compelled to pick higher each grain. It may as well exist as flushed by rubbing salt into their throwaway skin, which would burn the two upon giving to that prior to morning.

The Rocky Mountain vampires sucked the blood away from its victim's ears utilizing its pointed nose.

Brazilian vampires experienced plush-covered feet.

Asia and the Pacific

India is home to beliefs within a spirit known as the vetala, a wraithly vampire that may leave its hikers immune system to feed.

Inside Japan, the kitsune is a vampiric shapeshifting fox-spirit that takes its origins from either each Chinese & Indian mythology. Kitsune can be either maleficent or even even even benevolent, or each; kitsune come said to drawithin a life-inflict of its those when charming the two or becoming their lover, in similar fashion when succubi or incubi. Oni myths also have similarities sustaining American lamia legends. There are besides tales of kamaitachi, a phenomenon in which it was said that evil gods would thirst for mortal blood.

The Chinese vampire, the hopping corpse (jiāngshī), has more around green by using American ideas of corporeal zombies or ghouls however is however depicted when draining a victim of blood.

In Philippine folklore, the Manananggal was a female lamia whose entire upper immune system may separate from either her moo person & world health organization can fly applying wings. She sucked a blood of fetuses. A Aswang was believed to always become the female of considerable beauty by day and, by nighttime, the horrendous flying fiend. She sleep in a home, can marry & use at times tykes, & was the on the face of it normal human being in the period of the daylight hours.

In Malaysian folklore, a Penanggalan was the lamia whose head can separate from either either its immune system, using its viscera dangling from the base of its neck. A Pontianak was a female lamia that sucked a blood of neonate & for even instance that of immature babies or pregnant women.

In Australian aboriginal mythology, the yara-ma-yha-who is a creature using octopus-prefer suckers in its fingers that it utilizes to suck blood.

Eighteenth century vampire controversy
When you took the 18th century there was a major lamia scare around Eastern Europe. Potentially government officials oftentimes had dragged into a hunting & staking of lamia.

A word lamia merely inherit the English language inside 1732 via an English translation of a German report of the much-publicized Arnold Paole lamia staking within Serbia.

It wholly began by having an irruption of alleged lamia attacks inside East Prussia in 1721 and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1725 to 1734. Both renowned subjects exposed Peter Plogojowitz & Arnold Paole. When a story goes, Plogojowitz died at a age of 62, however come back a few days fallowing his dying request his boy for food. Whenever a boy refused, he was noticed dead a next day. Soon Plogojowitz returned & attacked a select few neighbours world health organization died from either loss of blood.

In the more notable pack, Arnold Paole, an ex-soldier off farmer world health organization experienced allegedly been attacked by the lamia years prior to, died patch haying. Fallowing his dying, population began to die, & it was believed by everyone that Paole experienced returned to prey on the neighbours.

These 2 incidents were pleasantly swell documented. Government officials examined a events & a bodies, wrote the babies higher inside reports, & books were published later on of the Paole outbreak & distributed as much as Europe. the contention raged for a generation. A condition was exacerbated by rural epidemics of thus-claimed lamia attacks, by having locals excavate bodies. Several scholars said lamia did non survive, & attributed reports to premature burial, or even rabies. Even so, Dom Augustine Calmet, a easily-respected French theologian and scholar, put together the carefully thought out treatise inside 1746 in which he claimed vampires did survive. This experienced considerable influence in more scholars at a period.

Finally, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria sent her personal doctor to investigate. He concluded that lamia don't survive, & a Empress passed laws prohibiting a opening of graves & sacrilege of bodies. This was a prevent of the lamia epidemics. By so, though, several knew just about lamia, & before long authors would adopt & adapt a conception of lamia, making it known to the general public.

Contemporary belief in vampires
Belief inside lamia however persists through a world.

In the period of late 2002 and early 2003, hysteria about alleged attacks of vampires swept through the African country of Malawi. Mobs stoned 1 single to dying & attacked at least iv others, including Governor Eric Chiwaya, due to a belief that the food and drug administration was colluding by using lamia.

Around Romania, several relatives of Toma Petre excavate his system, tore retired his heart, burned a organ & drank its ashes witharound a river in February of 2004, thinking that he had turn into the lamia.

Around January 2005, it was reported that an attacker got bitten the total of population around Birmingham, England, fueling concerns about the lamia roaming wall street. Nonetheless, local police stated that no such crimes had been reported to the babies, & this example appears to become an urban legend.

In the modern folklore of Latin America, the chupacabra (goat-sucker) is said to become a animal that feeds upon a flesh or even drinks the blood of domesticated animals, leading some to assume it vampiric.

U.S. President George W. Bush has stated that he believes in vampires. Inside the 2003 videotaped locate using Houston Chronicle reporter Sandra Wilcox, Bush said "I certainly do believe in vampires. They're real. They exist. When I was a young boy one of my friends almost got bit by a vampire."

Traits of vampires

Vampires, existence already dead, don't want virtually all normal items compulsory for mortal life, like o. It typically have a blanch appearance, & come cool to a touch from either the perspective of homo.

Vampires come periodically considered to exist as shape-shifters, though this feature is more normally present inside fiction than in the original folklore.

Some lamia potty fly. Anmore time this is supernatural, other days these are attached to the lamia's ability to transform into flying animals (e.g., bats, owls, flies) or into lightweight forms (e.g. straw, dust, smoke) and then produce winds as a means of propulsion.

Vampires usually cast there are there are no shadow & stand no reflection. This mythic power is largely confined to European vampiric myths & can be attached to folklore on a lamia's want of the soul. Within modern fiction, this might touch the idea that lamia just can't become photographed.

Some tradititions hang on to that the lamithe just can not enter a home unless he or even she is invited inside. This construct has been referenced throughout a history of lamia fiction (from either Bram Stoker's novel Dracula to Stephen King's novel '''Salem's Lot''). Usually, notwithstanding, when a number one period a lamia is invited around he or even she potty came & last when desired.

Vampire powers come typically limited when you took a day or even around daylight. Inside occasionally subjects sun will burn or even even defeat lamia, or it can be comatose in a period of the day.

Vampires can be reluctant to enter or even cross bodies of a a water supply system, particularly heading water.

Some tales maintain that lamia must go to to their native soil prior to sunrise to choose their rest safely. Others place native soil in their casket, especially whenever it use relocated.

Vampires around occasionally tales stand super specific dietetical requirements spell others don't. Even so, virtually all tales of the undead feature lamia that can't eat (or even at least just can't benefit nourishment from either) normal human being food.

Werewolves come sometimes held to get lamia when dying, & lamia are often held to develop a ability to transform themselves into wolves.

There come items where lamia keep around there is no power against like garlic, a branch of wild rose, and completely items sacred (e.g., holy water, a crucifix, a rosary, or sacred objects from either more faiths). This weakness fluctuates based on the tale. Garlic is confined mostly to European lamia legends. Within myths of more regions, more plants of sanctum or even fabulous properties occasionally use at times similar results. Holy place fluids & more holy symbols depend upon a culture. Within Eastern vampiric myths, lamia come typically likewise warded by holy hardware like Shintō seals.

There come threesome main ways to kill the average European lamithe: the sacred bullet, a wooden stake through the heart, or decapitation. This includes more means of demise that profits removes the lamia's head, like incinerating a person all.

Old folklore from either either Eastern Europe suggests that numbers of lamithe suffered from a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, being fascinated by owning counting. Millet or poppy seeds were placed on a ground at the gravesite of a presumed lamia, sequentially to keep the lamia occupied whole night counting. Chinese myths completely about lamithe besides state that in case the lamia comes through a sack of rice, s/he have had to count all of the grains. Aside from either a Muppet character of Count von Count on television's Sesame Street, this characteristic seems to have largely disappeared from either popular culture. It was likewise referenced within an episode of The X-Files.

The lamithe myth of Istanbul hang on to that the lamia can be flushed applying a silver bullet or even silver stake. This ritual can be accompanied sustaining prayers, commonly inside Arabic, which require a peace of the soul. An case of this tradition can be noticed in the novel "The Historian."

Natural phenomena that propagate the vampire myth
Pathology and vampirism
the select few humans argue that lamia stories can use at times been influenced by a uncommon unwellness known as porphyria. A disease disrupts a production of heme. Population by owning extreme however uncommon instances of this genetic abnormality may be thus sensitive to sun that it might acquire the sunburn across heavily cloud handle, stimulating the babies to make sure your not sun — although it should become noted that a idea that lamia come harmed by sunshine is largely from either modern fiction & non a original beliefs. Certain forms of porphyria come besides associated using neurologic illness, which may produce psychiatrical disorders. Yet, the hypotheses that porphyria sufferers crave a haem inside human being blood, or even that a consumption of blood will ease a illness of porphyria, come according to a severe misunderstanding of the disease. There exists super little grounds to believe to indicate that porphyria experienced anything to clean using a development of the original folklore. [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a990507.html]

Others argue that there is a relationship between vampirism & rabies.

There own been the total of liquidator world health organization performed this ostensibly vampiric ritual upon their hikers. Serial killers Peter Kurten and Richard Trenton Chase were both known as "vampires" in the tabloids after it were found ingesting a blood of the population it murdered, for instance. Legends that Erzsébet Báthory, a mediaeval Hungarian aristocrat, murdered hundreds of women in off-the-wall rituals involving blood, helped mold contemporary vampire legends.

the bit of psychologists within modern days recognize a disorder known as clinical vampirism (or even ''Renfield's syndrome'', from Dracula's insect-eating henchman in the novel by Bram Stoker) in which a victim is obsessed by using swallowing blood, either from either beast or even man.

Finding vampires in graves
After the casket of an alleged lamia wwhen opened, population periodically observed a remains around a comparatively undecomposed state, which stand been interpreted as a corpse existence the same of a easily-well-nourished lamia. Folkloric accounts most always represent a alleged lamia when getting ruddy or even dark skinside, non a picket skin of lamia in literature & film. It used to be that, population were typically malnourished & so thinly inside life, which may account for the picket skin typically referred to. Corpses great when gases from either decomposition accumulate in a trunk & blood attempts to escape the person. In the period of decomposition blood might typically become seen emanating from either nose & mouth, which may give a impression that the stiff was a lamia world health organization got been swallowing blood. Action of decomposition, scatty embalming, tend to darken the skin of a clay — hence a black, blue, or even red complexion of the folkloric lamia.

Vampire bats
Bats use at times turn into an integral a share of the lamia myth merely recently, although several cultures have myths just about the children. Inside Europe, bats & bird of minerva were hanker associated by having a occult, principally because it were nighttime animals. But then, a gypsies thought the babies lucky & bore charms manufactured of bat bones. Within English heraldic tradition, a bat means "Awareness of the powers of darkness and chaos"[http://www.americancollegeofheraldry.org/achsymbols.html]. Around South America, Camazotz was a bat god of the coffee bar sleep in the Bathouse of the Underworld.

A deuce-ace coinage of actual vampire bats are completely endemic to Latin America, and no grounds to believe to indicate that it experienced any Old World relatives within person memory. These are so pleasantly unconvincing that the folkloric lamia is a distorted presentation or even memory of the bat. In a period of the 16th century the Spanish conquistadors first inherit email by using vampire bats & recognized a similarity between a feeding habits of the bats & victims of their fabulous lamia. A bats were known as fallowing a folkloric lamia like than a other way around; the Oxford English Dictionary records the folkloric utilize around English from either 1734 and the zoological non until 1774. It wasn't yearn prior to lamia bats were adapted into fabricated tales, & it keep close at hand get one of a further significant vampire associations within popular culture.

Vampires in fiction
Lord Byron introduced many most common elements of the lamia theme to American literature inside his epic poem The Giaour (1813). These include a combination of horror & lust that a lamia feels & a conception of the undead passing its inheritance to the dwelling.

John Polidori authored the number 1 "true" vampire story known as The Vampyre. Polidori was a individual doctor of Lord Byron and the lamia of the story, Lord Ruthven, is based part in him - making a character a 1st of my currently familiar romantic vampires. A story is periodically however falsely attributed to Lord Byron.

Bram Stoker's Dracula has been the definitive description of the lamia within popular fiction for the last century. Its portrayal of vampirism as the disease (contagious diabolic possession), by using its undertones of sex, blood, & dying, struck the chord within a Victorian England where tuberculosis and syphilis were common.

Look at vampire fiction for supplementary the more extensive professional assistance of this subject.

Sources
Books: Bell, Michael E.: ''Food for the Dead: In the outdoors of Future England's Lamia. Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0786708999 Bunson, Matthew: A Lamia Encyclopaedia. Crown Trade Paper-back book, 1993. ISBN 0517881004 McNally, Raymond T.: Draculthe Was a Woman. McGraw Hill, 1983. ISBN 0070456712 Wright, Dudley: A Book of Lamia''. 1914 (available within various reprints)

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